SST and History Notes XI- XII

GEO (VII)-LESSON-7

• HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-SETTLEMENT,TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

  (LESSON NOTES)

  __________________________________________________________

  v INTRODUCTION:

  Ø As we know that human beings are dependent on the nature for their needs as food, clothes, shelters etc.

  Ø But with time they learnt new skills to grow food, build homes and develop better means of transport and communication.

  Ø In this way they modified the environment where they lived, that refers as Human environment.

  Ø In this lesson we will read about settlement, transport and communication in human environment.

  v HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

  Ø Settlements are places where people build their homes and settle there.

  Ø Earlier settlements grew near the river valleys as the water was easily available and the land was fertile.

  Ø As we know earliest civilizations flourished along the bank of these rivers as Indus, Tigris, Nile and Hwang-He.

  
  
  
  

  v TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

SPL (VII)-LESSON-6

• UNDERSTANDING MEDIA

  (LESSON NOTES)

  __________________________________________________________

  v MEDIA: -

  Ø Media is the plural form of the word ‘medium’ and it describes the various ways through which we communicate in society.

  Ø It refers to all means of communication, from a phone call to the evening news on TV can be called media. TV, radio, and newspapers are forms of media.

  v CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA

  Ø Print Media: -Newspaper, slogan, Magazine, Books Etc.

  Ø Electronic media: Tv, Radia, Computer, Internet, Etc.

  
  
  

  Ø Personal media: Mobile, Books, Etc.

GEOGRAPHY (VI)-LESSON-8

INDIA: CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

(LESSON NOTES)

DP (IX)-LESSON-3

• ELECTROL POLITICS

  (LESSON NOTES)

  __________________________________________________________

  v INTRODUCTION

  Ø In a democracy, people do not govern directly. They govern through the elected- representatives.

  Ø Governing through elected representatives is the most common form of democracy.

  Ø Electoral politics is all about understanding election of representatives, need of elections and how to make election democratic.

  Ø It also involves examining the role of the election commission in ensuring free and fair elections.

  v ELECTIONS

  Ø The mechanism or procedure by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals is called election.

  
  
  

  v PROCEDURE OF ELECTIONS
  The procedure of election can be understood by the real example of Haryana Assembly elections. It will show how candidates standing in election become representatives and how power can be removed from their hands.

GEOGRAPHY (IX)-LESSON-4

CLIMATE

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

____________________________________________________________

NCERT EXERCISE

1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?

(a) Silchar

(b) Mawsynram

(c) Cherrapunji

(d) Guwahati

Answer: Mawsynram

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:

(a) Kaal Baisakhi

(b) Loo

(c) Trade Winds

(d) None of the above

Answer: Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in the north-western part of India?

(a) Cyclonic depression

(b) Retreating monsoon

(c) Western disturbances

(d) Southwest monsoon

Answer: Western disturbances

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:

(a) Early May

(b) Early July

(c) Early June

(d) Early August

Answer: Early June

(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold-weather season in India?

(a) Warm days and warm nights

(b) Warm days and cold nights

(c) Cool days and cold nights

(d) Cold days and warm nights

Answer: Warm days and cold nights.

2. Answer the following questions briefly.

GEOGRAPHY (IX)-LESSON-3

DRAINAGE

( QUESTION ANSWERS)

______________________________________________________________

(NCERT EXERCISE)

 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) In which of the following states is the Wular lake located?

(a) Rajasthan (b) Punjab (c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Jammu and Kashmir

Answer: Jammu and Kashmir.

(ii) The river Narmada has its source at

(a) Satpura (b) Amarkantak (c) Brahmagiri (d) Slopes of the Western Ghat.

Answer: Amarkantak

(iii) Which one of the following lakes is a saltwater lake?

(a) Sambhar (b) Wular (c) Dal (d) Gobind Sagar

Answer: Sambhar

(iv) Which one of the following is the longest river in Peninsular India?

(a) Narmada (b) Godavari (c) Krishna (d) Mahanadi

Answer: Godavari

(v) Which one amongst the following rivers flows through a rift valley?

(a) Mahanadi (b) Krishna (c) Tungabhadra (d) Tapi

Answer: Tapi

2. Answer the following  briefly.

(i) What is meant by a water divide? Give an example.

Answer: Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland, separates two drainage basins. Such an upland is known as a water divide. For example, the water divide between the Indus and the Ganga river systems.

(ii) Which is the largest river basin in India?

                                             GEOGRAPHY (IX)-LESSON-4

CLIMATE

(LESSON NOTES)

____________________________________________________________

v INTRODUCTION

  Ø There are three basic elements to know about the natural environment of any area as landforms, drainage and climate.

  Ø In this lesson we will know about the climate of India.

v CLIMATE AND WEATHER

v ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE AND WEATHER

  Ø The elements of climate and weather are same as: -

§  Temperature

§  Humidity

§  Air pressure

§  Cloudiness or sunshine

§  Precipitation (Rainfall or snowfall)

§  Wind

  Ø As we know that the weather conditions fluctuate very often within a day. Based on the generalized atmospheric conditions, the year is divided into seasons such as winter, summer and rainy seasons.

  Ø The world is divided into a number of climatic regions. In Asia, India and other South and South-Eastern countries have monsoon type of climate.

v MONSOON

  Ø The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which literally means season. ‘Monsoon’ refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.

v REGIONAL CLIMATIC VARIATION IN INDIA

  Ø Although there is an overall unity in the general climatic pattern in India, there are some perceptible regional variations. We will see the variation by taking two elements: -

  Ø TEMPERATURE

§  The temperature in the winter in North-Western mountainous regions can go down to – 45° C (at Drass in Jammu and Kashmir), while it is 22°C in Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala.

§  Similarly, it can go up to 50°C in summer in some parts of Western Rajasthan and 20°C in Shillong.

§  In many areas, there is a wide variation between day and night temperatures. In the Thar Desert, the day temperature may rise up to 50°C and drop down to near 15°C the same night. On the other hand, there is hardly any difference in day and night temperatures in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands or in Kerala.

  Ø PRECIPITATION

§  There is a wide variation observed in its amount and seasonal distribution. The annual precipitation varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and Western Rajasthan.

§  Precipitation in the form of snowfall occurs only in upper parts of Himalayas, the rest of the country receives rainfall.

§  Most parts of the country receive rainfall from June to September, but the Tamil Nadu coast gets most of its rain during October and November.

  Ø CONCLUSION

§  By these variations we can see that Coastal regions experience mild temperature compare to the interior regions.

§  The rainfall also decreases from East to West.

§  Such differences help to create a variety in lives of people— the food they eat, the clothes they wear, the kind of houses they used for living and so on.

v CLIMATIC CONTROLS

  Ø Permanent factors which govern the general nature of the climate of any location on the earth are called factors of Climatic Controls. There are six major controls of the climate of any place.

§  Latitude: - Due to the curvature of the earth, latitude changes the amount of solar energy received. As a result, temperature decreases from the equator towards the poles.

§  Altitude: -It refers to the height above mean sea level. With increase of height from the earth surface, the temperature decreases and air becomes less dense. Therefore, hilly regions are cooler in summer.

HISTORY (VII)-LESSON-7

TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES

(LESSON NOTES)

____________________________________________________________

v INTRODUCTION: -

  Ø During the Medieval Age, several social, economic and political development took place.

  Ø But social change was not the same everywhere, because different kinds of societies evolved differently.

  Ø As we known that the Indian society was divided on the basis varnas.  

v TRIBAL SOCIETIES

  Ø The communities which did not follow rules and rituals laid down by the Brahmins and nor divided into unequal classes. They were known as tribes.

  Ø Most of the tribes were dependant on agriculture. Others were herders or hunter-gatherers or nomadic.

      

HISTORY (VII)-LESSON-6

TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS

(LESSON NOTES)

__________________________________________________________

v INTRODUCTION: -

Ø Growth of urbanisation was the main features from 17^th century onward. In medieval India, there were three types of towns—a temple town, an administrative town and a commercial town or a port town.

Ø Many outsiders as the Arabs, Turkish and Afghans settled in many parts of the country leading to the evolution of towns and cities.

v TYPES OF TOWNS

Ø ADMINISTRATIVE TOWNS OR COURT TOWNS

§  Some of the important court towns were Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Delhi, Thanjavur.

§  They were centres of administration.

§  Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital founded by Akbar.

§  Delhi was known as Shahjahanabad and was built by Shah Jahan in 1639.

Ø PORT AND TRADING TOWNS

§  Some towns developed as ports due to their proximity to the seashore.

§  Some major ports were Cambay, Surat, Broach, Masulipatanam, Nagapattinam, etc.

Ø TEMPLE TOWNS AND PILGRIMAGE CENTRES

§  Temples towns were important centres of urbanization and led to the development of cities, economy and society.

§  Pilgrims gave huge donations to temples. This wealth was used by temple authorities to finance their trade and banking.

§  Important temple towns were Bhillasvamin in Madhya Pradesh, Somnath in Gujarat, Kanchipuram and Madurai, Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, Sufi saint in Ajmer.

v THANJAVUR-COMBINED FEATURES

Ø Thanjavur, in Tamilnadu which was the capital of the Cholas a thousand years ago, emerged as an administrative centre as well as a temple town.

Ø The perennial river Kaveri flows near this beautiful town.

Ø The famous Rajarajeshvara temple built by King Rajarja Chola lies here.

Ø Here, Kings held courts in the mandapas where issuing orders to their subordinates and armies.